The Role of Investigative Journalism in Exposing Patient Safety Risks in Medical Tourism – A Review

Abstract

Background: Medical tourism is a growing global industry offering patients cross-border access to healthcare, often at reduced costs. However, concerns over patient safety, regulatory oversight, and informed consent persist. Investigative journalism has emerged as a key mechanism for exposing these risks, especially in regions where formal regulation is limited or ineffective.

Purpose: This review explores the role of investigative journalism in uncovering patient safety risks associated with medical tourism between 2004 and 2024, with a focus on systemic patterns, regional hotspots, and the impact of media coverage on healthcare regulation and patient awareness.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted by analyzing 52 high-profile investigative journalism reports from reputable global media outlets. Thematic synthesis identified recurring patient safety issues, journalistic techniques, and the outcomes resulting from each report.

Results: Findings revealed that the most common risks included unlicensed or underqualified medical providers, infection outbreaks (e.g., Mycobacterium abscessus, MRSA), and a lack of post-operative care. Deceptive marketing practices and jurisdictional challenges also featured prominently. Journalistic investigations led to significant outcomes including clinic shutdowns, policy reviews, and lawsuits in over 60% of cases.

Conclusion: Investigative journalism serves as a vital watchdog in the international healthcare landscape, highlighting risks that may otherwise be obscured. Its integration with public health communication strategies could enhance patient safety, especially in cross-border contexts where regulation is fragmented.