Conflicts of Interest and Funding

Authors must disclose financial and non-financial relationships that readers could reasonably consider relevant to the work. These include employment, consultancy, honoraria, research support, patents, stock ownership, paid testimony, personal relationships, institutional affiliations and relevant advocacy roles. Disclosure does not automatically prevent publication.

List every funding source and grant identifier where available. Describe the funder's role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript preparation and the decision to submit. State explicitly when there was no external funding or when the funder had no role. Identify paid writing, editorial, statistical or technical assistance and its funding.

Reviewers and editors must disclose competing interests before undertaking an assignment and recuse themselves when impartiality cannot be maintained. Authors who hold an editorial role at JOHE must declare that role. Such manuscripts require independent editorial handling. Undisclosed interests discovered later may lead to a correction, investigation or other proportionate action.